Performance Measurement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Performance Measurement - Research Paper Example Jack Cohen, pioneer of Tesco, set up the organization in 1919 when he started to sell extra household items in the eastern parts of London. The name Tesco was first came on the horizon in 1924 while its first store was established in 1929. After thirteen years, Tesco turned out to be a limited company in 1932. Cohen struggled very hard to establish and expand its business. By 1939, he succeeded in establishing more than 100 Tesco stores all over the United Kingdom (Tesco Stores Limited). Tesco had a steady pace till 1980 whereby it gradually declined, however, in 90s, the company took a fresh stance and set a goal to become the Europe’s top food outlet (Tesco, 2009). For this particular rationale it chose to widen its areas of operations all over the European countries even ventured into Asian emerging markets especially in Gulf and Central Asian States. In UK, It rapidly expanded its network from 500 to 2500 grocery stores. In early 90s the entry of Tesco in Ireland was so ag gressive that it purchased all the retail stores of Quinnworth, Stewart, and Crazy Prices. Today almost more than 8000 brands are being offered to the customers at all major stores across the globe. The brands include electronic items, fuel, cloth, books, furniture, household daily routine items, Internet services, DVDs, CDs, and many other brands. Tesco plc presently engages more than 500,000 individuals who belong to fourteen different countries (Hawkes, 2012). In 2009, Tesco’s income surpassed ?1 billion each week and it continued for the whole year (Microsoft, 2010). Presently its share cost is 427. 55p and is far more than its top rivals having a share price of 332. 40p (Tesco, 2009). In London stock market, the Tesco function with logo TSCO where it is also part of FTSE 100 Index with revenue of ?64.539 billion and the net income of ?2.806 billion. The Balanced Scorecard is strategy performance management tool. It has been observed that most companies fail to execute th e strategy and to translate it at the lower level. The major cause of this failure is the complex strategy which the employees unable to understand at mass level. Sometimes only that person understands and knows the pros and cons of the strategy that have written or formulated it but even then there are cases that even formulator has no good idea to execute the strategy successfully. With the application of Balanced Scorecard the strategy approaches become more structured. It explains how one should make a systematic strategy for his or her organization, what perspective should be taken account, and consequently this approach gives exciting results. Most famous 1000 index companies have implemented Balanced Scorecard in their organizations. The foremost necessity of a balanced scorecard is that it helps the companies to understand the strategy, and supports to measure and improve their performances. Further routine jobs and everyday problems have no links with strategic objectives. These jobs, tasks, and problems are resolved and executed by the company but they don’t contribute to the major goals. The concept of Balanced Scorecard is different. It brings the top managers, CEOs, and investors to explain their strategies and goals. It links those goals to low level initiatives and line-level employees. It enables the

Economic Policy Essay Example for Free

Economic Policy Essay The essence of economic policy in the areas of urban housing, urban education, and urban transportation in the United States National Government is cored on the achievement of trade targets. Boosting its market efficiency and redistribution of supply and services grounded on public values are its primary interest (Feldstein, 1999). These economic policies make up a part of the body of agenda. These are of regulated policies prepared by the Federal Reserve System headed by the President of the United States of America and the legislative branch of government (Poole 1999). Body At the outset, economic policies are decisions. President Harry Truman was a decision maker of the land in his time (Mankiw, 1998). He mentioned of his need to find one-armed economist (Mankiw 1998). This is a manifestation that the concept of economic information is ambivalent (Mankiw, 1998). Decisions are taken initially based on individual principles of: trade offs in efficiency and equity, cost of something versus opportunity cost, marginal changes to a plan, and response of people to trade offs (Mankiw, 1998). Subsequently, societal interactions principles are considered based on: trade, markets, and governmental market policy (Mankiw, 1998). Finally, national economy is considered upon the principles of: production of goods and services, inflation, and tradeoff between inflation and unemployment (Mankiw, 1998). Three of the economic policies Of the United States of America National Government are in the areas of urban housing, urban education, and urban transportation. These are parts of the regulated competitive industries (Feldstein, 1999). The urban housing policy covers private and social benefits of homeownership (Haurin, 2003). Bush said, homeownership is the core American values of individuality, thrift, responsibility, and self-reliance (Haurin, 2003). It represents a pathway to pride and prosperity for many families, encourages values of responsibility and sacrifice, creates stability for neighborhoods and communities and generates economic growth that helps strengthen the entire nation (Haurin, 2003) Dietz and Haurin (2003) however showed that 25% more of spouses in owner-occupied households work or are employed. They also have to face up to inevitable tax revenues through mortgage deductions (Haurin, 2003). While the data presumes that the rest of the population in owner-occupied households does not work, this would mean, this group is above average income in the strata of society. The next issue then is to know why were governmental supports for homeownership projects in the scale of billions of dollars far exceeded expenditure on education (Haurin, 2003) when most homeowners have beyond workers financial capabilities. Were the determinants of families becoming homeowners covered by public policy (Haurin, 2003)? What economic public policy would justify lumping up of burdens on homeowners who are mere workers? What economic public policy would explain governmental support to boost the status of those who can afford a home? Would this public policy be in consistent with the targets of government as pronounced by the President? Enhancement of market efficiency is focused on: developing performances of industries by eliminating anticompetitive elements; providing consumer protection like making informed choices possible; and ensuring product cost would include externalities (Feldstein 1999). While redistribution of resources and services anchored on the policy of collecting higher taxes from those who earn more to provide for those who earn less (Feldstein 1999). These policies however are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties. Housing Policy for example is usually analyzed in economic industry, as a form of market. Market leads to efficient allocation through a complex process of matching supply and demand. This depends on competition, good information, the existence of multiple suppliers, and the existence of different multiple purchasers. At the beginnings of the 21st century the demographical changes in the United States shaped housing consumption (Masnick, 1990). This is marked though by the big problem in urban housing policy which became inadequate for the increased number of houses required to support increasing population (Masnick, 1990). The number of homeless people is constantly increasing annually (Masnick, 1990). Homelessness became a very complex problem (Masnick, 1990). This means, if there were not enough places for people to live, then there are really those who does not have any shelter of their own (Masnick, 1990). The housing market bloated beyond previous policy allocations (Masnick, 1990). As a consequence, those who were not originally included generally became the poorest constituents of society (Masnick, 1990). Subsequent to demographical changes is the alternative of the homeless to find shelter in temporary shanties on unoccupied lands (Dunleavy, 1981). This led to problems of land entitlements (Dunleavy, 1981). Squatters over time on squatted settlements built more stable houses (Dunleavy, 1981). Homelessness often led to development of individual characteristics such as alcoholism, psychiatric illness, unemployment, and marital breakdown (Dunleavy, 1981). The situation is further aggravated by the decrease in privately owned housing programs (Dunleavy, 1981). The local governmental systems then were obligated to absorb the market (Dunleavy, 1981). As it turned out, it is cheaper to buy houses than to rent (Dunleavy, 1989). Housing conditions in many cities which were particularly unsatisfactory being old and in poor condition were improved (Dunleavy, 1989). Looking back, series of policies since the late 1960s focused on the problems of deprivation in inner city areas (Dunleavy, 1989). Much of the concern was with the inner cities growth which was an attempt to produce an acceptable racial policy. Despite this, ethnic minorities have had no proportionate share of resources from policies for the inner cities (Dunleavy, 1989). However, local government economic policies today are more focused, and greatly in consistent with constant changes in the societal demographics regardless of ethnicity (Gabriel, 1990). Another consideration however must be made. This is because of: the limited availability of affordable rental units, mortgage finance, reduced housing and income assistance to very low income populations, problems of public housing, low income housing preservation, issues of equal opportunities in housing and housing finance market (Gabriel, 1990). Thus it could be said that housing trends are developed largely because of statistical increase in the number of people as well as their movements for relocation needs (Masnick, 1990). The individual household needs were then used as the foundation for the modification of housing policy. This is in addition to the different economic changes which were built-in, in the shifting demographic landscape (Masnick, 1990). In the area of education, improvements must be made in urban education policy (Hess, 2001). Urban districts are now facing hazardous problems in educating young people because of the lack of support from the local government (Hess, 2001). Many buildings in urban public schools are very old (Hess, 2001). Because of this, despite the big number of public schools in the United States, only one-fourth of the country’s students are attending the classes throughout districts (Hess, 2001). These are the main problems of the district official in the urban public area (Hess, 2001). They are unable to comply with the needs of their student population Hess, 2001). The rates of dropout students are also increasing (Hess, 2001). The urban education policy that would most likely fit implementation will be one that is site-based management throughout the district (Hess, 2001). This will allow officials and teachers at the school level to focus more on the specific needs of the students (Hess, 2001). Educational reform efforts and policy initiatives are now under way that shows commitment in improving the quality of education. It will include the proper raising of the student outcomes in the urban districts (Hess, 2001). A key issue though in urban education policy is the potential impact of market-based reforms (Hess, 2001). It will require more than the application of additional money in improving the quality of urban education (Hess, 2001). Allocations of school funds must be centered on the functions of instruction, administration, operations, and maintenance of almost the same statistical number of clients (Picus, 1996). Urban transportation policies must likewise be modified as societal demographics evolved (Norton, 1955-1970). Many states have still no urban freeways (Norton, 1955-1970). The ever increasing numbers of privately owned cars warrants improvement in policies (Norton, 1955-1970). Evolving Americans have to face up to transport problems in the cities (Norton, 1955-1970). The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 made a beginning at bringing highways to the city (Barranda, 2004). It set aside 25 percent of federal highway funds for urban projects and called for the designation of a National System of Interstate Highways† (Barranda, 2004). Although funding of these projects in the late 1940s and early 1950s was at more than two and a half times the prewar levels, total annual federal highway appropriations remained a half billion dollars or less (Barranda, 2004). The problem was that while government and industry both wanted highways, neither wanted to foot the bill (Barranda, 2004). Industry opposed excise taxes and tolls, while government opposed special bond issues and debt increases (Barranda, 2004). Divisions between pro-highway industries impeded their ability to lobby for an effective highway program (Barranda, 2004). However, eventually, the highway system that the government-industry partnership built was urban (Barranda, 2004). The unique degree of private participation in U. S. ransportation policymaking, and a federal policy treated all transportation problems as matters for highway engineers to solve (Barranda, 2004). In 1954, President Eisenhower suggested that metropolitan area congestion be solved by a grand plan for a properly articulated highway system (Larsen, 1995). In 1956, the House Committee on Public Works urged drastic steps, warning that otherwise traffic jams will soon bring down our growing economy (Larsen, 1995). The demise of the highways-only policy stemmed also from serious flaws in the policy itself (Larsen, 1995). At the end of World War II, the federal government began a significant intervention in urban transportation (Larsen, 1995). It was one which had increased to enormous proportions by 1960 (Larsen, 1995). But the funds were provided exclusively for the construction of urban highways (Larsen, 1995). Thus, urban transportation systems necessarily became imbalanced in favor of automotive transport (Larsen, 1995). Even the automotive transport systems were imbalance too (Larsen, 1995). Inequality was brought about by the ways in which federal dollars were allocated (Larsen, 1995). For example, while new freeways were providing automobiles unprecedented ease of access to cities, substantially, less federal allocations was provided for the downtown streets that had to bear the increased load (Larsen, 1995). No budgets were also allocated to provide the record numbers of cars for parking areas (Norton, 1955-1970). The US new urban transportation policy serves greater idea in resolving congestion problems in the cities (Barranda, 2004). Highway-Only Policy is one of those new integrated ideas (Barranda, 2004). Industry, not government, took the initiative in proposing that highways go downtown (Barranda, 2004). Eisenhowers coalition was composed of industries associated with the highway problem and interested in highway development, in the words of the Clay Committee report (Barranda, 2004). Although the Clay Committee conferred with the American Railway Association in drafting its report, this group was the only one of twenty-two trade organizations consulted which had an interest in rail transport (Barranda, 2004). Fourteen of the groups consulted were expressly concerned with roads (Barranda, 2004). But these industries were not simply developing a highway policy (Barranda, 2004). This is their foundation in creating a new national transportation policy (Barranda, 2004). However, many cities in the United States have recently built light-rail systems to combat congestion problems and at the same time avoid pollution (Barranda, 2004). To some critics oppose this policy is not fit because of the function in some small downtown areas (Barranda, 2004). The application of this light-rail however, after its almost universal domination in the 20th century is one of the greatest twists in transportation history. This application policy is an exclusive idea whose time appears to have come (Barranda, 2004). Local government now hopes that the light-rail will gain moderate transportation that will reduce the traffic problems around the country (Barranda, 2004). Fighting congestion was the main rationale for making American highways enter cities to a degree unmatched elsewhere in the world (Barranda, 2004). The consequences of the improved policies ultimately transformed U. S. urban transportation system (Barranda, 2004). Critics of the policy, in government, and outside of the government circles achieved broad bases of support by confronting this problem (Barranda, 2004). Expertise in urban transportation matters, which had been the exclusive domain of highway industry, emerged in other institutions, both governmental and private (Barranda, 2004). The road builders promises to end congestion, to keep downtowns vital visibly failed to pan out (Barranda, 2004). In brief, the vigor of the government-industry partnership that brought the freeways into the cities did not last, but is envisioned to trigger interest on alternative prospective partners (Barranda, 2004). Conclusion The basic portfolio principles of economics provides conceptual structures underlining maintenance of flexibility of economic policies whether it is in housing, education, or transport, or even in prices where speculators are left with the liberty to discern and give value to market stocks so long as it is within the economic parameters of the United States of American government, its Federal Reserve System, its legislature as well as its executive governmental administrators that works within the framework of Federal Democracy.

Coil Spring Modification Technical Engineering Essay

Coil Spring Modification Technical Engineering Essay A vehicles appearance can be improved by lowering the car height. This can be achieved by heating or cutting the coil springs. However, this modification can have effects on the vehicle wind resistance, centre of gravity and reduce excessive body role. This modification contributes in fuel efficiency and better handling. It can also have negative impacts and could cause a big damage in the vehicle as well as being unsafe for the passengers if not done properly. Compression springs are the cheapest coil spring to manufacture, they are built to withstand the forces of linear compression or pushing forces that makes them as the most durable type of coil spring available. The coil springs are made of heavy gauge steel wire that is used to support the vehicle. The ends are designed to be flat because of the applied evenly force at each end of the spring, decreases the buckling tendency, or to provide exact seating requirements and solid height reduction which may be compulsory by specific uses (Kiwi Springs limited, 2008). Coil springs usually have three types of ends which are: Tangential end: this type of spring will fall over if someone stands on its end because the end of the coils end remains to twist off in the space Tangential End Coil Spring Square end: the end of this design permits the spring to stand still when placed on the end because the end coil curves back down and touches the coil below it . http://www.budzter.com/images/adjusterPics/DSC00479_Small.jpg Pigtail end: this spring has the sort of square type end and contains a smaller diameter than the coil in the body of the spring http://pitstopusa.com/images/T14599086.jpg (EATON Detroit Springs, 2011) Theory Generally, the end design of the spring can tell straight whether it is safe to cut or not, which concluded that pigtail end and square end coil springs cannot be safely cut. As mentioned briefly above, cutting or heating the coil spring in the vehicle may have some implications in terms of structural integrity, drivability or road worthy aspects. Cutting the coil spring affects the spring rate to increase, stiffen it and making the handling and ride a bit firmer, this is caused by the spring design rule which uses the wire diameter and the number of coil to define the spring rate. The unit for spring rate is pound per inch (lb/in) which means amount of force needed to compress the coil spring by 1 inch. For example when cutting springs by more than 2 inches of the front suspension of the 60s or 70s Chevy without following the specifications, many problems can occur, things such as ground clearance difficulties, positive camber will be gained at an increasing rate as well as suspension traveling may be less effective. It is known that cutting a spring by 1 inch will cause the ride to get lower between 1.5 and 2 inches because of the spring ratio which is 1.5:1 and 2:1 (Smith, 2008) When having too soft spring rate the whole suspension system may be affected because the vehicle will keep on bouncing off the bump stops, while having too much spring rate can create lots of bouncing and cause the tires to lose the grip with the road. Also spring load can affect the suspension system because of the carried weight that a coil spring supports at any moment compressed height. For instance if we use a 10 tall inch spring at free height with 200 lb/in rate, with a compressed height of 6 inches, the support will be around 800 pounds at that height (De Los Santos, 2009) How do we calculate the spring rate? By using the following formula we are able to find out the spring rate of the compressed spring. K = Where k = constant pound of load per inch G = modulus of rigidity of spring material, pound per square inch d = wire diameter, inches n = number of active coils, which is the number of coils subjected to flexure (always less than the total number of coils) D = mean coil diameter, inches = Outer diameter Wire diameter http://www.engineersedge.com/spring2.gif (Engineers Edge, LLC, 2011) Experimental method In this project, the modification will be for lowering the car. Hence we are going to modify the 1995 Impala SS (Appendix 1). This modification will be simply achieved by cutting the springs. This will result in reducing the free length and spring height. Since we do not have access to the real material, this modification will be done in a virtual way by using calculation. Data: number of active coils = 6.5 inches Wire diameter = 0.685 Outside diameter of spring = 5.4375 inches Free length = 16.5 inches Compressed length = 14.05 inches By using the formula above, the conclusion of the spring rate will be 443.76 pounds/ inches (as on the appendix 1). If we want to modify this spring, we will cut one coil that will decrease the number of coils from 6.5 inches to 5.5 inches of active coils, outside diameter and wire diameter will remain the same and free length will change from 16.5 inches to 15.5 inches and compressed length from 14.05 to 13.05 inches. Results: K = = 11,250,000 x 0.6854 / 8 x 5.5 x 4.75253 K = 524.44 pounds/inch The result from the modification shows that the spring rate has been increased by 80.68 pounds/inch. According to Law Volume Vehicle Technical Association (Inc), (2000), states that no modification for changing the height of the vehicle should be done without the spring manufacturer and the heat method should not be used during the modification (Appendix 2). AA New Zealand allows modification of the road springs or shock absorbers if they are fitted as a direct replacement for the originals and should be fitted exactly the same way without raising or lowering the vehicle. Modifying the vehicle without a professional certifier could prevent the vehicle from getting WOF (Appendix 3). Discussion It is essential when modifying the coil spring to consider what reason we are modifying the spring. Other aspects that need to be considered are spring rate, spring index, total share stress and spring axial deflection. The whole suspension system might not perform as it should if proper procedures are not followed. Safety regulations should also be the main priority at all times when dealing with coil spring modification and the suspension system in general. Conclusion According to the results of the experiment in this report, it can be seen that by decreasing the spring height, the spring rate increases. By cutting the spring, we change the appearance of the car to be closer to the ground. It is very important to understand the disadvantages and advantages of what we are trying to achieve. It is also necessary for the driver to understand the change the modification will bring when using the vehicle in different environment. If the user is not able to tell the effects of modification, it is recommended to see a professional. References De Los Santos, H. (2009). Lowering Your Car Properly. Retrieved April 14, 2011 from http://www.carcraft.com/techarticles/lowering_kits/index.html EATON Detroit Springs, (2011). Cutting Coil Springs. Retrieved April 13, 2011 from http://www.eatonsprings.com/cuttingcoilsprings.html Engineers Edge LLC. (2011). Compression Spring K Constant Calculator. Retrieved April 14, 2011 from http://www.engineersedge.com/spring_comp_calc_k.htm Kiwi Springs Limited, (2008). Importers of Metal Springs Allied Products. Retrieved April 12, 2011 from http://www.kiwisprings.co.nz/coil-springs.htm Smith, J. (2008). Chevy High Performance. Retrieved April 14, 2011 from http://www.chevyhiperformance.com/techarticles/89858_chevrolet_lowering/index.html Appendices Appendix 1 The default values are from the front coil springs on a 1995 Impala SS. Number of Active Coils: Wire Diameter: inches millimeters Outside Diameter of Spring: inches millimeters Free Length: inches millimeters Compressed Length: inches millimeters Spring Rate: pounds/inch newtons/meter Pressure at compressed length: pounds newtons FORMULA: spring rate = modulus of spring steel X wire diameter4 8 X number of active coils X mean coil diameter3 modulus of spring steel = 11,250,000 pounds/inch2Â  = 78,500 newtons/millimeter2 http://www.pontiacracing.net/js_coil_spring_rate.htm Appendix 2 Low Volume Vehicle Technical Association (Inc). (2000). Springs 2.3(10) Springs and shock-absorbers fitted to low volume vehicles must be: (a) of a size and rate which is appropriate for the weight and intended use of the vehicle to which they are fitted; and (b) in the case of coil springs, of a sufficient rate so as not to fully compress upon full suspension travel. Heavy-duty and height-changing coil springs 2.3(11) Low volume vehicles fitted with coil springs must: (a) be fitted with shock absorbers which are able to satisfactorily control spring energy; and (b) where a substantial increase in spring rate occurs, be reinforced as necessary in the areas of the body or chassis or sub-frame structure on which the increased loads being transmitted are likely to cause fracturing or failure. 2.3(12) Coil springs fitted to low volume vehicles that reduce the suspension travel and, as a result, the ride height of the vehicle, must be proportionately increased in stiffness rate so as to ensure against contact between the underside of the vehicle and the road surface during normal vehicle operation when fully laden. 2.3(13) Coil springs fitted to low volume vehicles must be designed in such a way that the ends of the springs, whether of a plain, plain and ground, closed, or closed and ground configuration, are shaped to match the surfaces against which they seat, both top and bottom. 2.3(14) Progressive-rate coil springs must have the closely-wound section of the coil positioned either: (a) at the end nearest the body, chassis, or sub-frame structure; or (b) in accordance with the spring or vehicle manufacturers specifications. Coil spring containment 2.3(15) Coil springs fitted to low volume vehicles must be firmly contained within their locating seats in such a way that the springs can not rotate, move vertically, or become dislodged when the suspension travel reaches its maximum rebound, limited by either: (a) a shock absorber of a compatible stroke length; or (b) properly fastened retaining clamps; or (c) properly fastened wire-rope straps of the type used in motor-sport applications, provided that the suspension mounting points are sufficiently strong to withstand the increased loadings imposed by the sttaps reaching the end of their ttavel, particularly in the case of MacPherson-sttut suspension systems. Coil spring modifications 2.3(16) Coil springs fitted to low volume vehicles must not be modified for the purpose of changing the vehicles ride height unless either: (a) the spring is modified by a recognised spring manufacturer, and the configutation of the modified spring ends match the end configuration of the original spring; or (b) the spring: (i) fitted to the vehicle in its original configuration had plain unground ends; and (ii) no heat is used during the modification process. Low Volume Vehicle Technical Association (Inc). (2000). Suspension Systems. LVVTA Low Volume Vehicle Standard 195-00(00).

Essay --

Social and emotional issues take a toll on people everyday, which can be seen through cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is a modern take on ways to cause harm to others. Mostly in a mental form. The dictionary definition of cyberbullying is, the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature(Google). There are many social media sites, on each of them a form of cyberbullying can be found. These sites open the door for cyberbullying.To name a few social media sites that people may be cyberbullied on, there is Instagram, Tumblr, Facebook, ask.fm, twitter, and even just the elemental email. Instagram is a social media site, made for the posting of pictures, anyone who follows you can view these pictures making it easy for cyber bullies to bully people. When people may post a picture on this site it allows anyone to view it and leave any comments that they please. Those comments are not always the nicest of comments an d the can range from anywhere tto â€Å"you’re stupid†, or â€Å"you’re fat and ugly†. Tumblr is a site for posting pictures, videos, notes, and gifs. It is nice to see all of these thing, but there are video responses too. Many people use video responses to hurt other peoples feelings and make them feel down about themselves. THere are so many more social and emotional sites and so many more ways to hurt people using them. What matters is how people may cope or react to these different forms of cyberbullying. A twelve year old girl commited suicide just in september. Her mother believes that the cause of her daughters death was cyberbullying. Girls at her school told her to go die and many other bad thing. This young girls name was Rebecca Ann Sedwick. Cyber B... ...at make people feel bad and ones that make people feel good about themselves. Cyberbullying mostly exist in the realm of teens, but even adults have to deal with it. Adults may not do things as dramatic as cutting themselves, but they still have to find ways to deal with the pain. One way that an adult may deal with a problem like this is by doing drugs. Drugs may you happy. They do not make you joyful though because joy is something that last forever and you are only momentarily happy when you take drugs. This can lead to problems like cancer or bankruptcy. Drugs can also cause family issues. If all you do is think of drugs to make you happy because of the harm that other people have caused them, then they may completely abandon their family to get more drugs. Everyone has to deal with bullying in some way, shape, or form. How they handle it is what matters most. Essay -- Social and emotional issues take a toll on people everyday, which can be seen through cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is a modern take on ways to cause harm to others. Mostly in a mental form. The dictionary definition of cyberbullying is, the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature(Google). There are many social media sites, on each of them a form of cyberbullying can be found. These sites open the door for cyberbullying.To name a few social media sites that people may be cyberbullied on, there is Instagram, Tumblr, Facebook, ask.fm, twitter, and even just the elemental email. Instagram is a social media site, made for the posting of pictures, anyone who follows you can view these pictures making it easy for cyber bullies to bully people. When people may post a picture on this site it allows anyone to view it and leave any comments that they please. Those comments are not always the nicest of comments an d the can range from anywhere tto â€Å"you’re stupid†, or â€Å"you’re fat and ugly†. Tumblr is a site for posting pictures, videos, notes, and gifs. It is nice to see all of these thing, but there are video responses too. Many people use video responses to hurt other peoples feelings and make them feel down about themselves. THere are so many more social and emotional sites and so many more ways to hurt people using them. What matters is how people may cope or react to these different forms of cyberbullying. A twelve year old girl commited suicide just in september. Her mother believes that the cause of her daughters death was cyberbullying. Girls at her school told her to go die and many other bad thing. This young girls name was Rebecca Ann Sedwick. Cyber B... ...at make people feel bad and ones that make people feel good about themselves. Cyberbullying mostly exist in the realm of teens, but even adults have to deal with it. Adults may not do things as dramatic as cutting themselves, but they still have to find ways to deal with the pain. One way that an adult may deal with a problem like this is by doing drugs. Drugs may you happy. They do not make you joyful though because joy is something that last forever and you are only momentarily happy when you take drugs. This can lead to problems like cancer or bankruptcy. Drugs can also cause family issues. If all you do is think of drugs to make you happy because of the harm that other people have caused them, then they may completely abandon their family to get more drugs. Everyone has to deal with bullying in some way, shape, or form. How they handle it is what matters most.

Internal marketing Essay

Internal marketing is of much importance to an organization. For any organization to thrive, it must focus on the efficiency of the marketing plan. The internal marketing plan within a firm fosters the company’s employees and all its staff members to being customers of the products that they produce. When employees of an organization purchase the products that they produce, they attract external markets since the public out there will realize how important the products are to them, as much as to the employees. Members of staff are seen as both suppliers of the goods and also the customers of the products. This plan helps in strengthening the firm to employee relationship. When the firm management relates well with the employees, they are in a way motivated hence quality services will in turn be provided to the customers. Customers will be retained within the organization, thus enabling the company achieve a competitive advantage. It will be in a position to increase its sales according to the rampant growing demand. Also, the company will increase the process of profit making. In essence, efficiency in internal marketing allows for efficient external marketing efforts (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009). A good internal marketing plan usually has distinctive features. For instance, it should create a culture that enables it to outstand over the vast competitive markets. It is achievable when workers are encouraged to be creative and innovative, responsible and accountable. Employees should be given a chance to exploit their abilities and also to act in capacity as accountable leaders. The plan should also articulate equity, fairness, recognition and motivation of outstanding performers. Employees should not be treated according to their rank position, race or gender. This has been a major setback to development hence it should be avoided by all means. It should also accommodate room for furthering the employees’ skills and knowledge. By fairness, an organization and its staff at large are encouraged to practice and embrace it. For example when someone close dies, support should be provided to his family. The organization can effectively deal with this issue through setting aside emergency funds (Ahmed & Rafiq, 2002). Coca cola as a company has embraced the use of internal marketing plan within its organization, and this has seen it stand still and strong despite the competition offered by Pepsi company which is as well a manufacturer of soft drinks. The company has been strategically managed and thus its products have been wide spread, not only in the United States but also to the rest of the world. It has adopted the use of the 7ps of marketing. The 7ps involves Product, Place, Price and Promotion, Physical Environment, People, Process. Product shows what the company produces and supplies to its vast markets. Examples of such products are sprite, coke and fanta, which mainly dominate the company’s markets. Place indicates the actual placement of the manufacturing firm. Currently, manufacture of coca cola products have been spread all over the world. Price is the most important aspect of marketing. The company is supposed to regulate the prices through the advice of senior sales representatives. It is the marked price that determines the number of customers an organization will have. Customers should be made aware of the recommended retail prices of the beverages produced. This is usually done so as to discourage the intermediaries from exploiting the customers. When goods are overpriced, the organizations competitors might take advantage of this to take away the customers. Coca Cola Company has taken an initiative of inscribing the products recommended prices in the bottle tops, thus preventing occurrence of inconveniences. In marketing, promotion enables the people to know the kind of products the company produces and also gives them a reason why they should purchase them. Promotion activities are crucial because it is the determining factor whether the business will stand or fall. Physical environment also plays an important role in marketing. The surrounding and the way people domiciling around where a company intends to establish its market agrees to allow the sales agent carry out its activities determines the business marketing future. People may be very hostile; hence the business may fail to establish its markets. The processes actually portray the channels a product passes through before being delivered to the end consumer. This may again involve how the consumer will handle the product. The employees of this company are given responsibility to manage brands through efficient marketing and also given priority to lay down achievable business strategies (Drake, Gulman & Roberts, 2005). Managing directors of the company are spread all over the world and the company entrusts them to establish reliable distribution channels, the targeted consumers and the marketing tools that boosts the firms’ sales. To ensure that it earns huge profits, the company has increased its sales employees and surely this act has enabled it to be at the top rank in the annual ranking of the best brands in the world. Such sales agents of the company do put into consideration a good customer relationship. They have a sense of efficiency in responding to customers needs thus majority of the consumers are retained. To obtain its employees, the coca cola company carries out recruitments. For one to qualify as an employee, he/she must pass the exams administered to them by the company’s directors. Also, they are taken through series of interviews and questionnaires, and their competences checked against the requirements of the company. While interviewing, the managers poses questions related to risk management, time management, how to attend to problems and also issues that focuses on leadership skills. After the employees are hired by the company, they are fed with adequate information about the company. This includes how it carries out its day to day activities, its mission and vision. In addition, the organizations goals and objectives are clearly stated to them. This allows the firm management to work together as one with its employees with target of realizing the successful outcome of the company’s operations. Employees work output is usually measured in this company on yearly basis. They are rated according to how they have embraced the technology, how they have fostered a sense of leadership and also by how far they established a solid relationship with the consumers. In addition, their innovativeness is recognized and this is checked through analyzing how successful they have been in bringing the outsiders into the company. Their results in terms of making the company realize goals are normally detailed, and the outstanding performers motivated. This motivation can either take form of increasing their monthly pay, promoting them to higher ranks or even recognizing them by word of mouth. Employees who are deemed as less productive are taken through a probation training. After probation, they are again sent back to the field, and if by this time the company does not see any impact in their productivity, they are left with no option other than dismissing them (Palmer, et al. , 2006). Internal marketing has been of great benefits to the coca cola company. Despite encouraging its workers perform better, it has also allowed them to acquire knowledge on being responsible and accountable. The internal marketing has also enhanced better understanding of the organization in line with the business carried out. Employees have been motivated to offer goods of quality to their customers through appreciation of their outstanding performance. This plan has again increased the consumer retention capacity and also personal developments to its employees. Non marketers within the organization has also benefited since they have learned how to carry out their duties in manner-like marketing. To sum up, the internal marketing plan has linked the coca cola business culture, vision, mission and its stipulated strategies with the employees’ social needs (Varey, 2002). Behind every successful organization, their must be a chain of problems encountered by it. Depending on how the firm embraces and handles their problems, their success is determined. Not all the employees accept change. Some becomes rigid when it comes to embracing the changes in technology. Some employees have deemed the use of computerized systems as a way of narrowing employment opportunities. Such employees can be termed as being illiterate from the fact that computers helps much in keeping efficient and effective inventory of the company’s undertakings. The company has also been faced problems based on incompetence of managers, much emphasis being in the use of interpersonal, conceptual and technical skills. The rampant spread of social evils such as corruption all over the world has seen the company employ incompetent personnel who lack skills in management. To add, the employed persons within the organization have been portrayed as not only having a poor understanding of the concepts of internal marketing but also as ignoring the orders from the senior staff (Kurtz, 2008). This has been a major problem towards successful establishment of internal marketing plan. Conflicts among the employees and also within different departments have also been a problem. People usually fight over the promotion position have made the work of implementing an internal structure difficult. To the side of the organization, some subordinates ignore the employees and does not put into consideration their welfare. Because of this, employees have reacted to fight for their rights and thus this has been a hindering factor. The spirit of synergy has also been greatly compromised since some top members of the organization over protect important information against its workers. Since there is no trust, the organization is as well less likely to embrace the concept of internal marketing. To summarize, the organizations’ structure is in most instances rigid. It does not give room for frequent reviewing and thus this has affected the internal concept of marketing. As from the benefits discussed earlier on, it is unavoidably necessary to have an internal marketing plan. This is not only for the success of the business in its environs but also all over the world. Some of the tools that should be put into consideration in successfully implementing a good internal marketing plan involve encouraging employees to have frequent contacts with the human resource managers. The contact can be enhanced through use of e-mails, faxes, telephone services, newsletters and more reliably through physical contacts. This will encourage them to air their views about the welfare of the organization. Also, they will have a chance to openly air their grievances, more especially on the way they are handled as the company’s employees. This allows fast reaction and implementation of their needs in a proper channel. More field work should be encouraged between the employees and their manager. This will allow them to share views freely with their manager and also gain experience. Since managers are normally viewed as people with experience, fieldworks will allow the employees too mingle with their managers and in the process taking note of work should be carried out (Dunmore,2002). Meetings of all the members of staff should be scheduled within reasonable time duration, for instance a fortnight or a month. This enables the organization as a whole to see how far they have gone in accomplishing its goals and objectives. It also allows them, together with its employees to check on the possible areas that they might have gone wrong in its day to day operations. From here, possible solutions are discussed and carefully thought out strategies of implementation laid out. Changes in career paths are also deemed as a tool of successfully implementing the internal marketing. The employees get to rate themselves on how good they are in sales department. They can check their performance in conjunction with the efforts they put while at work. If they find that marketing is a little pit strenuous, they can pave way for other junior employees and opt for other jobs. Changes in positions should be provided for to those employees initially put on probation. This allows them to be motivated to take up new roles within the organization. In addition, this decreases instances of boredom since the employees are subject to transfers to various departments and place of work. This act boosts the employees’ morale because they will be in a position to see as being attached to the company than before (Beamish & Ashford, 2007). Internal marketing workshops and also leadership concept seminars should be embraced by the organization. The firm should encourage its employees to attend such seminars as it enables them gain skills that prepares them for future managerial positions. Such seminars also encourage mutual relationship within the organization. Positioning of the employees should be in conformance with the required qualifications. Social evils such as corruption should be avoided within the organization as this may impact negatively to the company. Such people hired through crooked ways are the ones to collapse the same company since they have gotten used to their bad habits.

Freedom †Short Story from Tkam After Tom Robinson’s Trial Essay

As I sat outside watching the other inmates, a gentle breeze caressed my face, providing relief from the sun’s hot rays. I was used to the heat, but maybe it was the circumstances that I was in that made it unbearable. I could see that my fellow inmates felt the same as they lazed about, their skin glistening with sweat, their shirts clinging to their backs. ‘Guilty until proven innocent’ rang angrily in my mind when I saw the number of Negroes compared to white people incarcerated. The amount of court cases, as well as families, jobs and lives, lost due to our colour was innumerable. Half of us didn’t even commit a crime worth being sent to jail for, but here we are! I wiped my forehead with an already sticky hand and surveyed my surroundings in an effort to shake off the contemptuous thought. The dirt oval consisted of some simple worn out exercising equipment, their hinges squeaking in protest with very movement; a few withering trees dying in the midday heat, two lookouts sitting on the inside of the perimeter where the prison guards patrolled the prisoners and a barbed wire fence which enclosed the space in an ominous hug. I thought pensively about my situation as I kicked the dusty ground vehemently, scuffing my already torn prison boots in the process. The rising hopelessness that I had kept bottled up throughout the court case, believing that with Mr Finch on my side I would definitely be acquitted, quickly vanished, much like the specks of dirt that I had kicked up had disappeared, carried away with the breeze of reality. I observed the bluejays on the nearby trees, warbling their little hearts out with not a care in the world, unaware of the injustice that had occurred. I was being punished for a crime that I had not committed, accused by a woman whom I have assisted for nigh a year! The court case didn’t just affect me – it affected my family as well and I don’t want them to suffer because of it. What will they do? How will Helen watch the chillun’ and work? They don’t deserve this! My family needs me. It was already a struggle to bring food to the table everyday, and now with most of our income ripped away, I can’t bring myself to fantasise what my family would have to suffer. Would Helen have to starve to keep the chillun’ physically satisfied? I’ve prayed for them every night confined in the dungeon, praying that God would help them through this adversity. Ms Mayella obviously doesn’t realise that her decision to accuse me affects my family just as much as it affects me. She used the only ticket that would guarantee her victory over the court case, which would prove her innocent from the despicable crime that she had committed – her race. The inequity displayed towards Negroes always perplexed me. We came from the same ancestors, Adam and Eve, but somehow, white people were born having more rights than others, perceived as superior to others, more moral than others. I should’ve conceded that I was a black man living in a white man’s world, and no matter what I did to prove myself innocent, there would be no justice for me. I hate how all white people acrimoniously conclude that all Negroes lie, all Negroes are basically immoral beings and all Negroes aren’t to be trusted around women, as Mr Finch mentioned. How can people be so shallow, so malevolent and so blind? They’re living a lie! How dare America call themselves a democracy when they can’t even treat their own people equally, lowering our rights, our standards and our lives! The act of incarcerating all black people for almost everything that we do is a paradox to their self-proclaimed government. It is overdue to set things straight, but there is no better time than now to change the way Negroes are treated. I am not going to wait for someone else to take justice, as God knows when that is going to come. Justice is in my hands. The only possible way that I can achieve this is to run. They’re going to kill me nonetheless so I’m already a dead man walking, but I’m not dying knowing that I just sat there letting them persecute me while knowing that I did nothing to prevent this precedent from occurring again to other Negro families. I must run. I quickly rose from the bench which I was seated on and began jogging the perimeter of the oval, keen to find an escape route to freedom. I took a quick glance at the patrollers- they were watching us inattentively, their faces impassive and eyes glazed over, contenting themselves in their current daydreams. I scrutinized the fence for any weakness. There were several places where the fence sagged, but all seemed intact. I searched for other possible escape routes, my eyes slowly taking in every detail of the oval, but when failing to find any, I approached an oak tree to ponder over my next move, when flashbacks of my family and previous life overwhelmed me. There were many oak trees in my life – in my backyard, on the sidewalk, at work – but I never knew until now that they were so prominent in my life. There were oak trees that my children loved to climb on, loved to hide in, loved to have mini adventures in. There were oak trees that I watched from my kitchen window as their branches were softly tickled by the wind, which Helen used to sit under and pensively think about life’s uncertainties, which grew and thrived with my family. There were oak trees which provided me a job, which I spent countless hours climbing up and down laboriously picking acorns, which earned me money to support my family. My heart ached with sadness when I thought back to those wonderful memories, making me miss my family even more than I originally did. Helen would probably be working strenuously to support the children now without my help. What this event has put my family through is unthinkable. I can’t prevent what I am currently putting them through, but they must understand that if I do no try to get free I will be killed nonetheless. Everyone deserves to have equal rights, and I am going to be the person bringing justice. I am not going home after my jail sentence knowing that I did nothing to prevent further injustice from occurring to thousands of other Negroes. I want to be able to tell my chillun’ that I didn’t just sit there being persecuted, allowing other Negroes to be persecuted as well, as the pain that discrimination puts us through throughout our lives is unbearable. I want to be a role model for them; to be an example for fighting for what is right. Even though doing so may be dangerous and may lead to death, bringing justice to every race is worth losing a life for. In a sudden burst of adrenaline and surprising confidence I sprinted as fast as my legs could carry me to the barbed wire fence and began climbing. I almost leaped backwards in surprise as my bare skin came into contact with the burning metal that had been basking in the sun all day, but my mind was set on my goal, and so I ignored the acrid pain and scaled the fence. Consecutively, shouts of surprise and disbelief spread through the prisoners, and, as if my actions brought them back to life, the angry voices of the prison guards soon followed. Hollering warnings and portentous threats, the patrollers showed no evidence that a few seconds ago they were practically lifeless, but their efforts were wasted as it proved completely futile. With my prior experience climbing trees for Mr Deas, I quickly adapted to my situation and climbed, my hand and feet working simultaneously to make up for my deprivation. My eyes darted to elusive spaces between the barbs and my hand quickly followed suit, with my legs climbing after them. The barbs clung and sliced at my arms and clothes as the patrollers’ threats became more ominous, their cries climbing to a climatic forte, ineffective at impeding my pilgrimage. The word justice was repeated over and over in my mind, instilling a new hope in me, encouraging me to continue climbing. This failed when a gunshot shattered my tranquillity. A bolt of pure panic shot through me, causing my heart to thrash against my ribs as I realised the severity of my situation. I lost my footing, dangling in mid-air for a second, but immediately found another foothold and scaled the fence even faster than before. Seeing that the gunshot failed to stop me, several more shots were fired into the air, counterproductive as it only made me move twice as fast. ‘Quicker! Quicker! ’ my body seemed to holler at me, dissatisfied with the speed that I was travelling. My stomach started to twist with despair, my newfound hope abandoning me, slowly overtaken by doubt – then a bullet whistled past my ear inches from my face. My hand began shaking uncontrollably from pure fear. My lungs were screaming for air, the spikes were screaming for blood, but my scream for justice overpowered them all. More deathly bullets whistled past, when one successfully tore through my leg. An explosion of pain raked my leg, and immediately I felt warm blood gush out of my pulsing wound. I was almost over the fence though! Clenching my teeth, I reached between the razor wire. The screams and hollering of the prisoners were vociferous, but nothing mattered as the second bullet hit my crippled shoulder. It immediately burst into flames as I started sweating uncontrollably, the back of my shirt soaked with blood, clinging to me. In a last ditch effort, I hauled myself between the razor wire to the other side of the fence leading to freedom. A third bullet tore through my thigh, sending me rolling to the ground in a bloodied heap while other bullets whizzed past and wounded me. The shrill roar in my ears gradually ceased to a dull hum, and dizzying black splotches began crowding my vision. The last thought that left my mind was: Freedom.